WHO. World malaria report 2021. Geneva: WHO (2021).
Recht, J. et al. Malaria in Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela: Present challenges in malaria management and elimination. Malar. J. 16, 273. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1925-6 (2017).
CDC-Peru. Numero de Casos de Malaria, Peru 2015–2020, https://www.dge.gob.pe/portal/ (2020).
Department, O. et al. Clustered native transmission and asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria infections in a just lately emerged, hypoendemic Peruvian Amazon group. Malar. J. 4, 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-4-27 (2005).
Mejia Torres, R. E. et al. Efficacy of chloroquine for the therapy of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Honduras. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene 88, 850–854. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.12-0671 (2013).
Feo Istúriz, O. et al. Compartiendo lecciones aprendidas. Proyecto management de malaria en zonas fronterizas de la región andina: un enfoque comunitario-PAMAFRO. (2009).
Rosas-Aguirre, A. et al. Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Peru. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 95, 133–144. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0268 (2016).
Pardo, Okay. Plan de Eliminación de la Malaria en Loreto (Plan Malaria Cero 2017–2021). (Dirección de Prevención y Management de Enfermedades Metaxenicas y Zoonosis, 2021).
Bacon, D. J. et al. Dynamics of malaria drug resistance patterns within the Amazon basin area following adjustments in Peruvian nationwide therapy coverage for uncomplicated malaria. Antimicrob. Brokers Chemother. 53, 2042–2051. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01677-08 (2009).
Griffing, S. M. et al. South American Plasmodium falciparum after the malaria eradication period: Clonal inhabitants growth and survival of the fittest hybrids. PLoS ONE 6, e23486. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023486 (2011).
Okoth, S. A. et al. Molecular investigation right into a Malaria outbreak in Cusco, Peru: Plasmodium falciparum BV1 lineage is linked to a second outbreak in current instances. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 94, 128–131. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0442 (2016).
Baldeviano, G. C. et al. Molecular epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Outbreak, Tumbes, Peru, 2010–2012. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 21, 797–803. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2105.141427 (2015).
Sutton, P. L., Neyra, V., Hernandez, J. N. & Department, O. H. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections within the Peruvian Amazon: Propagation of advanced, a number of allele-type infections with out super-infection. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81, 950–960. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0132 (2009).
Van den Eede, P. et al. Multilocus genotyping reveals excessive heterogeneity and powerful native inhabitants construction of the Plasmodium vivax inhabitants within the Peruvian Amazon. Malar. J. 9, 151. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-9-151 (2010).
Delgado-Ratto, C. et al. Inhabitants genetics of Plasmodium vivax within the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 10, e0004376. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004376 (2016).
Manrique, P. et al. Microsatellite evaluation reveals connectivity amongst geographically distant transmission zones of Plasmodium vivax within the Peruvian Amazon: A important barrier to regional malaria elimination. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 13, e0007876. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007876 (2019).
Delgado-Ratto, C. et al. Inhabitants construction and spatio-temporal transmission dynamics of Plasmodium vivax after radical treatment therapy in a rural village of the Peruvian Amazon. Malar. J. 13, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-13-8 (2014).
Rathod, P. Okay., McErlean, T. & Lee, P. C. Variations in frequencies of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 9389–9393 (1997).
Larranaga, N. et al. Genetic construction of Plasmodium falciparum populations throughout the Honduras-Nicaragua border. Malar. J. 12, 354. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-12-354 (2013).
Lucchi, N. W., Ljolje, D., Silva-Flannery, L. & Udhayakumar, V. Use of malachite green-loop mediated isothermal amplification for detection of Plasmodium spp. parasites. PLoS ONE 11, e0151437. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151437 (2016).
Barazorda, Okay. A., Salas, C. J., Bishop, D. Okay., Lucchi, N. & Valdivia, H. O. Comparability of actual time and malachite-green based mostly loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for the detection of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum. PLoS ONE 15, e0234263. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234263 (2020).
Mangold, Okay. A. et al. Actual-time PCR for detection and identification of Plasmodium spp. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 2435–2440. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.5.2435-2440.2005 (2005).
Jacob, C. G. et al. Genetic surveillance within the Better Mekong subregion and South Asia to help malaria management and elimination. Elife https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.62997 (2021).
Baniecki, M. L. et al. Growth of a single nucleotide polymorphism barcode to genotype Plasmodium vivax infections. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 9, e0003539. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003539 (2015).
Marfurt, J. et al. Molecular markers of in vivo Plasmodium vivax resistance to amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine: Mutations in pvdhfr and pvmdr1. J. Infect. Dis. 198, 409–417. https://doi.org/10.1086/589882 (2008).
Korsinczky, M. et al. Sulfadoxine resistance in Plasmodium vivax is related to a selected amino acid in dihydropteroate synthase on the putative sulfadoxine-binding web site. Antimicrob. Brokers Chemother. 48, 2214–2222. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.6.2214-2222.2004 (2004).
Suwanarusk, R. et al. Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium vivax: In vitro characterisation and affiliation with molecular polymorphisms. PLoS ONE 2, e1089. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001089 (2007).
Ariey, F. et al. A molecular marker of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 505, 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12876 (2014).
Miotto, O. et al. Genetic structure of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Nat. Genet. 47, 226–234. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3189 (2015).
Peterson, D. S., Walliker, D. & Wellems, T. E. Proof {that a} level mutation in dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase confers resistance to pyrimethamine in falciparum malaria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 9114–9118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.23.9114 (1988).
Foote, S. J., Galatis, D. & Cowman, A. F. Amino acids within the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene of Plasmodium falciparum concerned in cycloguanil resistance differ from these concerned in pyrimethamine resistance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 3014–3017. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.8.3014 (1990).
Picot, S. et al. A scientific evaluate and meta-analysis of proof for correlation between molecular markers of parasite resistance and therapy final result in falciparum malaria. Malar. J. 8, 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-8-89 (2009).
Amato, R. et al. Genetic markers related to dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine failure in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cambodia: A genotype-phenotype affiliation research. Lancet Infect Dis. 17, 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30409-1 (2017).
Fidock, D. A. et al. Mutations within the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and proof for his or her function in chloroquine resistance. Mol. Cell. 6, 861–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1097-2765(05)00077-8 (2000).
Foote, S. J. et al. A number of alleles of the multidrug-resistance gene are intently linked to chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 345, 255–258. https://doi.org/10.1038/345255a0 (1990).
Venkatesan, M. et al. Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter and multidrug resistance 1 genes: parasite danger elements that have an effect on therapy outcomes for P. falciparum malaria after artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene 91, 833–843. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0031 (2014).
Veiga, M. I. et al. Globally prevalent PfMDR1 mutations modulate Plasmodium falciparum susceptibility to artemisinin-based mixture therapies. Nat. Commun. 7, 11553. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11553 (2016).
Malmberg, M. et al. Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance phenotype as assessed by affected person antimalarial drug ranges and its affiliation with pfmdr1 polymorphisms. J. Infect. Dis. 207, 842–847. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis747 (2013).
Reed, M. B., Saliba, Okay. J., Caruana, S. R., Kirk, Okay. & Cowman, A. F. Pgh1 modulates sensitivity and resistance to a number of antimalarials in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 403, 906–909. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002615 (2000).
Chang, H. H. et al. THE REAL McCOIL: A technique for the concurrent estimation of the complexity of an infection and SNP allele frequency for malaria parasites. PLoS Comput. Biol. 13, e1005348. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005348 (2017).
Galinsky, Okay. et al. COIL: A technique for evaluating malarial complexity of an infection utilizing chance from single nucleotide polymorphism knowledge. Malar. J. 14, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-14-4 (2015).
Kamvar, Z. N., Tabima, J. F. & Grunwald, N. J. Poppr: An R package deal for genetic evaluation of populations with clonal, partially clonal, and/or sexual copy. PeerJ 2, e281. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.281 (2014).
Excoffier, L. & Lischer, H. E. Arlequin suite ver 3.5: A brand new sequence of applications to carry out inhabitants genetics analyses underneath Linux and Home windows. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 10, 564–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x (2010).
Criscuolo, A. morePhyML: Enhancing the phylogenetic tree area exploration with PhyML 3. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 61, 944–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.08.029 (2011).
Darriba, D., Taboada, G. L., Doallo, R. & Posada, D. jModelTest 2: Extra fashions, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nat. Strategies 9, 772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109 (2012).
Letunic, I. & Bork, P. Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v5: A web-based software for phylogenetic tree show and annotation. Nucleic Acids Res. 49, W293–W296. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab301 (2021).
Jombart, T. adegenet: A R package deal for the multivariate evaluation of genetic markers. Bioinformatics 24, 1403–1405. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btn129 (2008).
Leigh, J. W. & Bryant, D. POPART: Full-feature software program for haplotype community building. Strategies Ecol. Evol. 6, 1110–1116 (2015).
MINSA. Resolucion Ministerial 034–2022-MINSA (2024).
Ome-Kaius, M. et al. Differential influence of malaria management interventions on P. falciparum and P. vivax infections in younger Papua New Guinean youngsters. BMC Med. 17, 220. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1456-9 (2019).
Betuela, I. et al. Relapses contribute considerably to the chance of Plasmodium vivax an infection and illness in Papua New Guinean youngsters 1–5 years of age. J. Infect Dis. 206, 1771–1780. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis580 (2012).
Rovira-Vallbona, E. et al. Predominance of asymptomatic and sub-microscopic infections characterizes the Plasmodium gametocyte reservoir within the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 11, e0005674. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005674 (2017).
Grietens, Okay. P. et al. Adherence to 7-day primaquine therapy for the unconventional treatment of P. vivax within the Peruvian Amazon. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene 82, 1017–1023. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0521 (2010).
Muela Ribera, J., Hausmann-Muela, S., Gryseels, C. & Peeters Grietens, Okay. Re-imagining adherence to therapy from the “different facet”: Native interpretations of opposed anti-malarial drug reactions within the Peruvian Amazon. Malar. J. 15, 136. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1193-x (2016).
Siqueira, A. M. et al. Characterization of Plasmodium vivax-associated admissions to reference hospitals in Brazil and India. BMC Med. 13, 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0302-y (2015).
de Oliveira, T. C. et al. Genome-wide range and differentiation in New World populations of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 11, e0005824. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005824 (2017).
Hupalo, D. N. et al. Inhabitants genomics research determine signatures of world dispersal and drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax. Nat. Genet. 48, 953–958. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3588 (2016).
Ruebush, T. Okay. 2nd., Neyra, D. & Cabezas, C. Modifying nationwide malaria therapy insurance policies in Peru. J. Public Well being Coverage 25, 328–345. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3190032 (2004).
Suwanarusk, R. et al. Amplification of pvmdr1 related to multidrug-resistant Plasmodium vivax. J. Infect Dis 198, 1558–1564. https://doi.org/10.1086/592451 (2008).
Faway, E. et al. Plasmodium vivax multidrug resistance-1 gene polymorphism in French Guiana. Malar. J. 15, 540. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1595-9 (2016).
Muller, O., Lu, G. Y. & von Seidlein, L. Geographic growth of artemisinin resistance. J. Journey. Med. 26, 4. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taz030 (2019).
Sidhu, A. B., Valderramos, S. G. & Fidock, D. A. pfmdr1 mutations contribute to quinine resistance and improve mefloquine and artemisinin sensitivity in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Microbiol. 57, 913–926. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04729.x (2005).
Villena, F. E., Lizewski, S. E., Joya, C. A. & Valdivia, H. O. Inhabitants genomics and proof of clonal alternative of Plasmodium falciparum within the Peruvian Amazon. Sci. Rep. 11, 21212. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00806-5 (2021).
Durand, S., Lachira-Alban, A. & Sánchez, C. C. Impacto de diferentes esquemas terapéuticos sobre la malaria en la costa y amazonia peruana, en el marco de una política de medicamentos antimaláricos, 1994–2017. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica 35, 497–504 (2018).